Archive for the ‘Level 2’ Category

How does a hedge fund manager actually make money?

Friday, October 23rd, 2009

The term “hedge fund” can actually be somewhat misleading – not many hedge funds actually hedge their investments. Hedging is a strategy that reduces the risk of a business transaction. Hedge funds use many different investment strategies, but they often engage in high-risk trading because their goal is to make as much money as possible as quickly as possible, which is different from, say, an index mutual fund that just tries to outperform an index (for example the S&P500). What really distinguishes hedge funds is how hedge fund managers get paid: management fee plus a performance fee.

What’s the difference between futures and options?

Wednesday, October 21st, 2009

Options and futures are both contracts under which you agree to buy or sell an asset at a later date, but the main difference is that options offer you just that – an option to buy. You have to pay a premium for an option, but in return you are not obligated to do anything: you can choose to buy the agreed-upon assets at any time during the period set out in the contract, but you are never required to do so.

Futures contracts come with no premium attached, but they do impose obligations on both buyer and seller. When the predetermined time comes, the buyer absolutely must buy the assets, and the seller must sell them. In addition, the value of the assets used in futures contracts are usually greater than those used for options, so there’s much more risk in a futures contract: by the time you have to buy (or sell) your assets, their value may have changed dramatically, for better or for worse, but you still have to buy (or sell) at the price agreed upon when the futures contract was drawn up.

Overdraft Protection is…

Tuesday, October 20th, 2009

Overdraft protection is a service offered by some banks that can prevent you from bouncing checks and incurring fees (not to mention annoying anyone you write checks to). Normally, if you spend more money than you currently have in your account using a check or debit card, your check might bounce or payment might otherwise not go through and the institution you’re paying can charge you a fee (not to mention getting mad and maybe not wanting to do business with you in the future).

If you have overdraft protection, though, your bank will automatically pay the bill on your behalf (usually up to a certain limit) so the people you do business with won’t charge you or get mad. You will, of course, have to pay the bank’s fees for the service, so it’s better to know how much you have in your account before you go on any spending sprees.

A Money Market Fund is…

Sunday, October 18th, 2009

A money market fund is a type of mutual fund that invests only in short term, low-risk securities like CD’s or government securities. These funds are often not insured by the FDIC, though some of the securities that they invest in are insured.

A P/E Ratio is…

Friday, October 16th, 2009

A P/E ratio stands for the price/earnings ratio. It is calculated by dividing the current stock price by current earnings per share. Earnings per share is determined by dividing earnings for the past 12 months into the number of common shares outstanding. The P/E ratio is an important indicator that many investors use to value a company.

A Dark Pool is…

Friday, October 16th, 2009

A dark pool is a financial term that describes an alternative – but legal – venue for trading large orders of stock. What makes trading through a dark pool different from regular trading? Well, there are a few key differences, but the most important is anonymity. When a trade occurs on an exchange like the New York Stock Exchange, the prices that are negotiated between buyer and seller are immediately reflected in the market and published for anyone to see. In a dark pool, there is actual anonymity between the buyer and the seller and the trade is not shown in the market.

In a dark pool, trades occur between institutional investors that are trading large blocks of equities. For example, Institution A has 500,000 shares of Microsoft (MSFT) and wants to sell them. If that institution were to trade all of those shares on an exchange, they would have to split the transaction up into several smaller trades in smaller amounts. Not only would those trades disrupt the market (make it unsettled), but Institution A would also be showing their hand. If they show their hand, it might disrupt the market further, and other institutions would likely capitalize on that information.

So basically, a dark pool is a place where institutional investors can come and anonymously buy and sell large blocks of equities in one or a few orders. By doing this away from an exchange, they do not disrupt the market because the price is not fixed on a public market. Also, other institutions and the public do not know immediately that a large block of stock was bought or sold. Only after the trade is filed with the SEC will the public know what the institution did.

What do nonprofit boards do?

Wednesday, October 14th, 2009

The board of a nonprofit has many of the same responsibilities as the board of a corporation: they pick the chief executive, ensure that the organization is fulfilling its mission statement, and provide financial and legal oversight. They make sure the chief executive is doing his or her job running the charity’s programs, managing its money, and executing its stated purpose in its mission statement.

Nonprofit board members are often integrally involved in fundraising and raising awareness of the organization. Frequently they ask others to donate, appear at fundraising events, and donate themselves. In looking for more people to support their organization, they also find and recruit new board members.

Nonprofit boards, as you’d expect, are unpaid positions. Serving on these boards can be a gratifying and essential way to serve a cause that you care about deeply.

Hidden taxes?

Wednesday, September 23rd, 2009

You wouldn’t think you could pay taxes without knowing it, but it actually happens all the time. So-called hidden taxes are taxes on goods and services that you, the consumer, end up paying for. They’re taxes that are charged before the product or service can be purchased, and the seller just adjusts for the tax by hiking up his or her prices. So the government gets the tax money, the seller fixes things so he or she can turn the same profit, and the consumer faces a bigger price tag in the end.

You aren’t aware of hidden taxes because they’re indirect – they can take the form of import or export taxes, sales tax, excise duties, value added tax, and more. What’s more, indirect taxes can be a sneaky way for government officials to raise revenue: if they raise, say, income taxes, everyone notices and complains, but if they raise indirect taxes, people still end up paying more, but it tends to slip under their radar.

However, some people don’t like this practice because they argue indirect taxes aren’t progressive – that is, they don’t take ability-to-pay into account the way income taxes do. If prices for consumer goods go up, that price hike is usually small change for the very rich, but for less wealthy individuals, a price increase on goods they need can make a sizable dent in their budget. For example, an added standard import tax on coffee impacts everyone who drinks coffee, rich or poor. So even though indirect taxes aren’t illegal or even truly hidden (the sellers who have to pay them can certainly see them), some people still consider them a way to increase their tax burden behind their backs.

Discretionary Funds are…

Wednesday, September 23rd, 2009

Discretionary funds are grants that are given by one or more members of a foundation’s board of trustees and don’t require full board approval.